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Observer
13th July 2007, 01:42 AM
Hindus of Kerala: A race destined to be refugees in its native land.

By Dr. C.I. Issac

Head of the PG Department of History, CMS College, Kottayam, Kerala

http://www.christiansofkerala.com/9.htm

The Hindus of Kerala are getting to be a minority community in their native land, is not a secret any more. When India became a republic the Hindus of this land had a population share of 61.5%. Today it progressively and gradually declined and now it reached at the level of 55%. This numerical decline caused to the Hindu community cannot be treated as an inadvertent phenomenon. This pathetic situation is the handiwork and conscious efforts of antinational forces which operated here for the last several years. Here I am not going to use this space for the detail analysis of this ‘U’ turn in the demographic structure of Kerala. But at the same time in my mind certain doubts are arising. Recent developments prove that this numerical decline of Hindus is resulting in the defeat of the community as a whole from the social, economic, cultural, political, etc like scenarios of the land. Whether this set back is without being seen or not, remains as a question to be answered.

Hindu as a community is still technically maintaining numerical majority in the demographic charts of the census department of the land. In fact this numerical upper hand is not reflecting in its social standards. It is the reality rather than a fiction. The main reason for this set back is its inherent nature of splitting up into jatis and upajatis (casts and sub casts). The chief constituent jatis of the Hindu social fabric of Kerala mainly consist of approximately 11% of SC/ST casts, 20% Nairs and 24% Ezhavas. Even though these jatis are basically Hindus, they are lacking the sense of Hindu feeling. The particular politico-economic structure that prevails over this land forbade developing such a Hindu mindset amongst them. Before analyzing the marginalization of Hindus from the various spheres of political economy of the land we must consider all the relative questions regarding the declining Hindu population.

Those who come under the purview of SC/ST category are destined to be at the bottom of the jati hierarchy due to historical reasons are now a days slowly but surely being eliminated from the political, cultural and socio-economic scenarios of the life of Kerala. The communist movement once interlaced them, were able to wipeout their innate Hindu

feeling and transplanted in its place a class feeling. No doubt to a certain extent the communists were successful in it. At the same time for decades they were able to attach this poor people as the serfs and vote banks to the party. These sections paid a good price to retain the communist party in the dental towers of political power for the last four/five decades in the state. But the party leadership and its higher political offices are still remains as ‘sour grapes’ to these poor people is still remains as a contradiction. By the way, the communist parties of Kerala were succeeded in isolating them from the age old social relations of the land but these subalterns had nothing to do with the present liberalized market economic situations. In economic scenario of Kerala these Hindu social groups are turned as big zero.

The communist parties that monopolized the leadership of the subaltern Hindu sections deliberately not attempted to make these people competent to face the challenges of the new economic order of the twenty-first century. More over the party successfully alienated these people from their noble traditions also. In the history of Malayalam literature long standing contributions were given by the subalterns. But now a day the creative genius of these sections are alienated from the main stream literary transaction through the legitimization of subaltern literature which godfathered by the communist movements all over. Here in the case of Hindu Kerala it will produce a suicidal impact over the Hindu society in general and to the subalterns in particular in the long run.

These all are about the 11% Hindus belong to the SC/ST category. The story of the 44% Hindus, inclusive of Nair and Ezhavas, quandary is not too better than that of them. Both these Hindu jatis still have sufficient potential to create an atmosphere for the Hindu unity. Unfortunately both of the jatis are too polarized. It cannot be denied that behind their polarization political reasons are too dominant. I am not ignoring the latest developments amongst the Nair, Ezhava leadership towards for a cordial coexistence. The decision of inviting Nair leadership to the 150 birth anniversary celebration of Sri Narayana Guru by Ezhava leadership is a salutiferous step towards a Hindu unity in Kerala. Kerala is known for its coalition experiments. In a state where the minority communities through their communal political parties controlling coalition politics, these polarized Hindu jatis are the major looser. In short, as compared to Christian and Muslim communities, the divided Hindu jatis are no more a pressure groups in any ruling coalitions. In general elections the Hindu jatis woos either of the two, without getting assurance of any favors.

Behind the Nair Ezhava polarization, a masqueraded minority political conspiracy is very clear. It is very clear if we analyze the events that taken place in this state since the days of Nivarthana (Abstention) agitation of 1932 to the fourteenth Lok Sabha election of 2004. At the same time the history of past assaults on the Hindu community like putting fire on the Temple of Sabari Giri, Liberation Struggle of 1958 (against first elected communist ministry), construction of church by destroying a Siva temple near the birth place of Jagath Guru Sankaracahrya’s birth place, occupation of Kottiyoor Temple land, belittling of Hindus and obstruction at the Tali Temple Renovation, construction of church at the Sabri Giri temple’s holy garden, etc arehighlighting/pointing to the absence of a Hindu sense and a sense of insecurity feeling accumulated amongst the various jatis through decades.

Without mentioning something about the economic scenario of Kerala Hindu social formations our attempt to see the challenges mounting by the demographic imbalances will not be complete. NRK (non resident Keralite) remittances as well as the income from commercial crops are the main source of the income of the state. Who controls this income? The number of the NRKs during the period 1998-2002 was 3,65,293. Of which, the 82.5% are in the Gulf countries. Out of these 82.5% NRKs in the Gulf countries during the reported years, 49.5% were Muslims and 31.5% were Christians. The Hindu share in this sector is only 19% only (See Economic Times 19 May 2003). 60.5% of the total NRK remittance was the contribution of the minority communities (See K.C. Zachariah & others, Study, report in ‘The new Indian Express’, Kochi, 22 July

2003). Again the total NRK remittance is 18,465 crore rupees and it is equivalent seven times of the state government receipts as centre budgetary support or fifteen times of the earning from the cashew export or nineteen times of the states marine export. The annual average remittance per house hold is also shown wide imbalances. A Marthomma Christian share is Rs.26,098/-, a Muslim is Rs.24,000/-, a Hindu is Rs.6,134/- and a Hindu SC is Rs725/-. (K. C. Zachria & S. Irudayarajan, CDS Study, New Indian Express, Kochi, 16th July 2004). A prominent Malayalam weekly named as ‘Malayalam’ in its editorial clearly mentioned in strong terms the inherent danger in this growing imbalance of foreign remittance. (See Malayalam Varika, Editorial, Vol. VII, No. 12, 25 July 2003). The only one aspect, i.e., the imbalances in the foreign remittance is sufficient to prove the fall of the Hindu community in the near future.

The accumulated money amongst the minorities mostly invested in lands. This ultimately reduced the Hindu share on the land holding considerably. “While examining the records of the registration (land) department, it is evident that in several districts seventy percent of the lands were purchased by the above said communities” (See Malayalam Varika, op cit). In the land holding pattern also numerically ever shrinking unorganized Hindu community is marginalizing. Through the pressure tactics exerted by the minorities, they are usually compelled/forced to discard their land holdings at a throw away price. “In certain specific districts the purchase of land is the exclusive right of a particular community. The intermediary in this deal is also their religious institutions” (See Malayalam Varika, op cit). Annihilation of Hindu land ownership is started from the days of land reforms (1977). (Plantations (rubber) were exempted from the purview of land sealing because the majority plantations are owned by the minorities. At the same time coconut and paddy lands not protected under the plantation clause because the majority owners of this category was Hindus.) Now it is in the alarming condition. All this happened what other than the lack sense of Hindu feeling and numerically ever shrinking position? The rate of the last decade’s population growth of the state is 9.42%. The Hindu majority Pathanamthitta district has shown the lowest rate of growth, i.e, 3.72%. On the other hand the Muslim dominated Malappuram district has shown 17.22% growth in the said period is the highest in the state. (See Kesari Annual, 2004, pp 98-101).

If it is the state of the art of economic condition of the Hindus, it is too pathetic and disastrous that the challenges they are facing in the cultural scenario of Kerala. The cultural domain of Kerala is very fastly subjected to the Christianization as well as Islamization. Most of the visual and print media of the state is either directly under the ownership/control of the minority communities or under their influence. This state of affair is favourable to create an atmosphere in favour of the minorities in the cultural scenario. As a result in the State School Youth Festival certain items of exclusive minority art forms with little cultural value were included and non Muslim students were prohibited from the State Arabic Youth Festival, are the best examples of the threat that the Hindus are facing. Through generations Hindus are worshipping cows. The only one state in India which legitimizes the cow slaughter is Kerala. According to the official data available with the government, 500,000 cows were slaughtered in the state during 2002 and sold out 2,49,000 tones of beef. (See The New Indian Express, Kochi, 13 August 2003). In really the real statistics of cow slaughter is far away from the official accounts. It is true that a conspiracy is going on here to make younger generation of Hindus to be beef eaters. In the name friendships the minorities are compelling the Hindu boys to share beef preparations with them. All these are the indication of Hindus alienation, is not too far, from its cultural domain.

A powerful field which can control the society is education. Now the education sector in the state is under the control of minorities who are politically influential and economically sound through NRK remittance. While minorities manages 3340 schools in the state, the entire Hindu jatis altogether be in possession of 194 schools only. The Muslim and Christian communities altogether manages 223 arts and science colleges against it all Hindu jatis together manages only 42 colleges. (See Mathrubhumi Daily, 28 September 2002). Out of the 433 professional colleges only 86 are government owned, 89 are of the Hindu managed while 258 are of the minority managed. (G.K. Suresh Babu, Kesari Annual, 2004). While all minorities are permitted to do religious instructions in their respective educational institutions, this right is denied to Hindu institutions. Here Hindu students in the minority institutions are not spared and forced to study morale classes which injecting anti Hindu ideas amongst the Hindu students. This is the best known Kerala model of secularist democratic paradigm.

How it happen so? No doubt, it is because of the reason that Hindu is economically as well as politically a marginalized group in Kerala. The lessons from the history of the ancient dead civilizations which were disintegrated due to the Semitic religions invasion, the situation is not much different from the present Hindu state of affairs in Kerala. A major share of the state exchequer is spending towards the maintenance of the education of the state. If we go through the last forty-eight years history of education in the state we can see that a Hindu minister handled the portfolio of education hardly for a period of four years and three months only; the rest period this portfolio was handled by only minority communities, is the reality. The minority ministers who managed the portfolio of education helped the minority community managements in an out of way manner. Giving to minority educational institutions a hand both the right and left coalitions are no exception. Both coalitions are still following minority appeasement as their defaco policies. The result is alarming one. Out of the states 1,99,000 school teachers all class of Hindus (inclusive of SC/ST) share is 38%only; the rest is minorities. As per the 1997 statistics Kerala has 14,200 college teachers; 76% of the college teaching communities are hailing from minority communities. (G. K. Suresh Babu, op cit). All this are some sheets of the balance sheet of an unorganized demographically ever shrinking Hindu community of Kerala.

In the health care scenario also the minorities got a clear upper hand. The whole Hindu community has only ten hospitals as their own contrary to 928 for the minorities. (Matrubhumi daily, op cit). “Two three multi specialty hospitals are functioning in every town. Who is controlling this multimillion investment sector?” (Malayalam Varika, op cit).

Similarly Hindu share in the industry, agriculture and commerce is 28, 24 and 22 percents respectively. At the same time Muslim share is 30, 23, 40 percents and Christian is 35, 40, 36 respectively. (Matrubhumi daily, op cit). I think, like the Hindus of Kerala no other section in the world is marginalized like this. In several sectors Hindus are at he back but in the case of suicides they are at the front. Kerala’s suicidal rate is above the national average, i.e, 30.5 for every lakh. A recent NGO study reveals that 92% of the total suiciding population is from Hindus, 6.5% is from Christians and 1.5% is from Muslims. Insolvency is the main reason of the mass suicides of Kerala.

Kerala government’s allotment of new self financing professional colleges turned as rude shock to the marginalized Hindus of Kerala. Due to the economic backwardness of the Hindus it is difficult to compete with the minority communities for starting professional colleges. The result will be the kick out of those who are now living as socially and economically backward in the Hindu society. In medical education field alone these people (Hindus) will loose 250 seats every year. Those Hindus come under the purview reservation will loose 3800 engineering seats and 100 MBBS seats every year. After two decades in the SC/ST sections alone will have a shortage of 74,000 engineers and 2000 doctors at the present condition.

Education and economic progress are closely linked with Kerala life. Therefore any imbalance that is arising in the educational field, even though it is negligible, will be reflected hundred times in the economic scenario. In the near future because of the educational backwardness alone Hindus will be forced to leave to periphery of the society.

In the democratic process votes are decisive factors. No doubt, the numerically ever shrinking Hindus will loose relevance in the political structure of Kerala in the near future. Since independence for every decade Hindu population in Kerala is coming down at the rate of more than one percent. If this trend is continued, with in not less than three decades Hindu will lose its majority status in the state. At present technically Hindu is a majority community. But minority religious groups have a clear sway over the political, economic and educational fields of Kerala. It is no wonder the Hindus of Kerala, who are destined to be minority in the near future will be thrown out of all field of socio economic activities. This disaster of Hindu will be a great tragedy. In 1947 Muslims of India were a minority community with a24% share. But that much strength of the Muslims led to the division of India. Nagaland and Missoram turned as Christian majority centres. Soon there broke out discontent and insurgence along with divisive tendencies. To the Christian brothers Hindu became an indigestive element in the North East. If so, what will be the history of Kerala after three decades?

Observer
13th July 2007, 01:45 AM
By Dr C I Issac,
Head of the PG Department of History,
CMS College, Kottayam, Kerala.

A powerful field that can control society is education. At present, the education sector in Kerala is under the control of minorities, who are politically influential and economically sound through the remittances made by Non-Resident Keralites (NRKs).

While minorities run 3340 schools in the state, the entire Hindu jatis are in possession of just 194 schools. Muslim and Christian communities manage 223 arts and science colleges whereas all Hindu jatis together manage only 42 colleges (vide 'Matrubhumi' daily, September 28, 2002). Out of the 433 professional colleges, only 86 are government-owned, 89 are Hindu-managed while 258 are managed by the minorities (G.K. Suresh Babu, 'Kesari Annual, 2004).

Though all minorities are permitted to impart religious education in their institutions, this right is denied to Hindu institutions. Moreover, Hindu students in minority institutions are forced to study moral science, which infuse anti-Hindu sentiments in them. This is the best known Kerala model of secularist-democratic paradigm.

Why does it happen so? No doubt, the reason is that Hindus are economically and politically a marginalized group in Kerala. If the lessons in history of ancient civilizations were destroyed by Semitic religions' invasion, the situation is not very different for Hindus in Kerala. A major share of the state exchequer is spent on education. The last 48 years reveal that only one Hindu minister handled the portfolio of education and that, too for a period of four years and three months. Otherwise, for the rest of the period, this portfolio has been handled by ministers belonging to only minority communities.

The minority ministers, who managed the portfolio of education, helped only the minority community managements in an out-of the way manner. Lending a helping hand to minority institutions was similar for both, the Right and the Left coalitions. Both coalitions still follow minority appeasement as their de facto policy. This will result in an alarming situation.

Of the state's 199,000 schoolteachers, the Hindu share (inclusive of SCs/STs) is just 38 percent. According to the 1997 statistics, Kerala had 14200 college teachers of whom 76 percent belonged to minority communities (G. K. Suresh Babu). All these statistics show of an unorganized, demographically ever-shrinking Hindu community of Kerala.

In health care also, the minorities have an upper hand. The Hindu community owns just ten hospitals against 928 belonging to the minorities ('Matrubhumi').

Similarly, the Hindu share in the industry, agriculture and commerce is 28, 24 and 28 percent, respectively. At the same time, the Muslim share is 30, 23 and 40 percent and Christian share is 35, 40 and 36 percent, respectively ('Matrubhumi'). I think, like the Hindus of Kerala, no other community in the world is marginalized as much. In several sectors, Hindus lag behind but in the case of suicides, they are leaders. Kerala's suicidal rate is above the national average; it is 30.5 for every one lakh population. A recent NGO study reveals that 92 percent suicides were committed by Hindus. 6.5 percent by Christians and 1.5 percent by Muslims. Insolvency is the main reason for the mass suicides in Kerala.

The Kerala government's allotment of new self-financing professional colleges has come as a rude shock to the marginalized Hindus of Kerala. Due to the economic backwardness of the Hindus, it is difficult to compete with the minority communities for starting professional colleges. The result will be that those socially and economically backwards in the Hindu society will be kicked out of competition. In medical education field alone, the Hindus will lose 250 seats every year. The Hindus coming in the purview of reservation will lose 3800 engineering seats and 100 MBBS seats every year. After two decades, in the SC/ST section alone, there will be a shortage of 74000 engineers and 2000 doctors at the present rate.

Education and economic progress are closely linked with Kerala life. Therefore, any imbalance arising in the educational field will be reflected a hundred times in the economic scenario. In the near future, because of educational backwardness alone, Hindus will be forced to live on the periphery of society.

In the democratic process, votes are decisive factors. No doubt, the numerically ever-shrinking Hindus will lose relevance in the political structure of Kerala in the near future. Since Independence, for every decade, the Hindu population in Kerala has been falling at the rate of more than 1 percent. If this trend continues, within three decades, Hindus will lose their majority statues in the state. At present, technically the Hindus are the majority community. But the minority religious groups have a clear sway over the political, economic and educational fields of Kerala. It is no wonder that Hindus of Kerala, who are destined to be minority in the near future, will be thrown out of all fields of socio-economic activities. This will be a great tragedy for Hindus.

In 1947, Muslims in India were a minority community. They were 24 percent. But even that marginal strength of the Muslims led to the division of India. Today, Nagaland and Mizoram have turned into Christian-majority states. In these states, discontent and insurgency, along with divisive tendencies, have surfaced. To a large section of the Christian brethren, the Hindus have become an indigestive element in the northeast. If so, what will be the history of Kerala after three decades?

Observer
13th July 2007, 02:06 AM
The Spread of Christianity and Islam in Kerala -- A Study on Trend and Pattern

By Dr C I Issac,

Head of the PG Department of History, CMS College, Kottayam, Kerala.

(Published in the Itihas Darpan, New Delhi, Vol. VIII, No. 1, November 2001, pp 41-48)

The land of Keralam, was well known to the Semitic world long before the birth of Common Era for its spices, ivory, sandalwood, teakwood and rosewood. Almost all Semitic religions including Judaism reached this land, the ‘land of charity’ and tolerance. Because of its strategic position in the map of the world, it underwent/subjected to various foreign interludes and some of it, to a certain extent, put a lasting mark on its culture and civilization. The age-old Semitic contact with this land, opened the way for the spread of the Semitic religious ideas. However, Judaism, being a Semitic religion, by itself, is against the spreading of its tenets amongst non-Hebrew people (heathens). So this religion is an exception to the act of proselytism. On the other hand the two other religions of this category, namely, Christianity and Islam, “continue to be active and the number of followers of these religions have grown very fast during the last few centuries”1.

Even though, geographically Keralam is situated at the extreme strip of the sub-continent, no doubt it is from the very beginning of its history is the part of Hindu Rashtra (Nation). Most of the alien attempts to peep into the core of its social formations and cultural realm and subjugate it completely for them failed due to the assimilating power of its Hindu traditions. But, for the last few centuries some alien powers, particularly the English and the Muslims succeeded to a certain extent in their endeavors of transforming the society of Keralam into a counterfeit of their respective culture, that is, Christianity and Islam. The English succeeded in their mission by using the sites of education, printing, etc. On the other hand Muslims succeeded in their venture through their conventional modes operandi of violence, which opened by Tipu sultan during the Mysoorian interlude in the closing decades of the eighteenth century2. The nature of the spread of Christianity and Islam in Keralam is a topic deserving an in-depth study. So far scholars committed to partisan loyalties conducted biased studies and are peripheral also. Here in this study my attempt is to streamline some unnoticed but imperative planes of this socio-religious process, for the students of history.

It is the traditional belief that Christianity was brought into Keralam by a disciple of Jesus Christ, one Thomas, in the early years of the Common Era (CE). To this belief there is no documentary evidence at all. It was popularized in Keralam by Fringies (Portuguese Catholic missionaries) in the sixteenth century and after for the fulfillment of their colonial ends3. So it is a legendary belief. This fact is widely accepted by scholars including Christians, except the church hierarchy of Keralam. In any case, Christianity as a religion reached the shores of Keralam through the Christian merchants, since its very inception in Palestine. No doubt, it was operated in ancient days of Keralam as a path (upasana system) followed by alien merchants. Their over stay in the land due to historical reasons laid the very beginning of Christianity in Keralam. The earliest seven (Syrian Christian tradition says that seven and a half churches) Christian settlements and their churches are at the seacoast, which justifies this argument. The church hierarchy claims that there was one more Christian, hinterland, settlement called Chayal near Sabrimala pilgrim centre (a Hindu pilgrim centre in the dense forest of Sahyadri mountains. Its deity is Lord Ayyappa) but it was no more a Christian settlement, because the place was not an abode of human being and is still not a habitable one4. Scholars have not so far identified whether the place Chayal whether near Sabari hills or not, beyond doubt. Therefore this argument of the church has no locus standi.

In ancient Keralam, Christians as small group of alien merchants got royal/governmental recognition5. The political turmoil and religious persecution in later years of Middle East Asia compelled several Christian merchants to migrate to a ‘land of charity’ and tolerance, that is Hindustan. “The community was augmented in 345 by an influx of Syrian immigrants consisting of 400 Christians from 72 families of Baghdad, Nineveh and Jerusalem under the leadership of the merchant, Thomas of Cana”6. Probably this alien influx of Christians may be the cause for the birth of Christianity in Keralam. Later their intermarriages with native people attributed indigenous tradition to Christianity prior to the colonial period. Their social status in the native land in the later years had not been much better than that of the native sudras. The testimony of the sixth century (C.E) Byzantine monk and traveler Cosmos Indicopleustus (550 C.E) is sufficient to determine Christian social status7. He accounted that the spiritual leader ship of the Christians of Keralam had been vested in a Persian bishop8. He further comments that, Christians are not masters in Malabar but slaves. Before the arrival of Europeans the Christians of Keralam remained here as it were of Sudra jatis like Nairs, Elavas, doing ‘uliam’ work in temples9. Further more G. T. Mackenzie observes, Christians prior to the arrival of Portuguese, did not form the part of Travancore aristocracy10.

A sizable number of Christians reached here in the seventh and eighth centuries of C.E as refugees from Eastern Roman Empire. The defeat of the Byzantine regime at the hands of Umayyad and the Muslim expansion resulted in the end of Christianity in Eastern Roman Empire, Jerusalem, Syria and Persia to Morocco. “As the trading operations were lost for ever, the Christians who refused to convert to Islam were forced to again migrate to India”11. These Christians are later known as Syrian Christians and Kanaya Christians. Their intermarriages with certain native jatis resulted in the birth of early/pre-Portuguese Christian social formations of India. This new Christian society absorbed or imbibed the rituals and customs of the native jatis. In the Syrian Christian rituals and customs, associated with marriage, death, birth, housewarming, etc , these native jati rituals and practices still reflect prominently and it is self explanatory to this historic turn in the birth this society12. No doubt this society remained here as merchants, farmers, etc with a very low profile. The absence of Syrian Christians north of Kodungalloor (Malabar region) prior to the European arrival, where Muslims were the dominant group, is a proof of the traditional hostility between them. This is a sufficient proof to the Middle East Asian mercantile origin of the Christianity of Keralam.

For the next seven hundred years, with a negligible population, Christian community of Keralam remained in the coastal trading centres and their suburbs. The correct demographic distribution pattern of the Christians was only available after the census efforts of the British in India. Anyhow the unprecedented increase of the Christian community was noticed in the later census reports of the British period. The literature or fine arts of the pre-colonial period is totally silent of the Christian discourse. Above all, practically the Christian contributions to the discursive sites of literature and fine arts of Keralam are nil. It is a clear evidence to the low profile of the Christian society in the pre-colonial Keralam. In the two thousand years of its existence it neither produced a literary piece of excellence nor outstanding talents in the cultural field. Syrian Christian life was only a passing episode in the cultural history of Keralam13. The only one art form in the credit of Syrian Christians is Margamkali, an inferior one compared to Kooth, Koodiyattam, Patekom, Kalaripayattu, Kathakali, etc. It is also a colonial construct intended to enter the Christian tenets into various Sudra jatis and proselytize them. In Margamkali, the influence of avarna art forms like Velakali, Kolkali, etc is dominant14. The only art form of Syrian Christians – Margamkali – we can’t trace any influence of elite art forms of Keralam in it.

Before the arrival of Portuguese the Christian population was more Hindu than Christian. Here Christianity was regarded as another path as well as an upasana system15. It never functioned as an identical religion here. Even their names were Hindu such as Chathan, Kotha, Iravi, Kandan, etc16. After the Portuguese arrival, a large-scale aggressive proselytizing movement started in Keralam under the stewardship of a padre called Francis Xavier. His eight years stay in South India changed the entire course of its history. In a short period of eight years he was able to enhance the numerical strength of Christian population in Keralam. No doubt he was not much different from Mohammed Ghazini or Aurangazeb in the space of proselytizing enterprise. Francis Xavier was the man solely responsible for the establishment of Inquisition Court at Goa in 1560, under which Hindu women were raped and burnt alive and Hindu temples were demolished17. The wrath of the Catholic Church that started by Francis Xavier in Goa not even spared innocent children of Hindu origin. This Court of Inquisition functioned in Goa till 1812. Once he remarked that, “I told the new Christians to demolish the shrines of the idols and saw to it that they crushed the images into dust. I could not express to you the consolation it gave me to watch the idols being destroyed by the very hands of those who so recently used to worship them.”18. No doubt he was a mentally debased fanatic/bigot. Later he was elevated to the rank of Saint by the Catholic Church for his cruelties committed on the Hindu population of India, particularly of Keralam and Goa. His mass conversion movement targeted to the socially low ranking of the society likes fishermen and dalits. In his task of proselytizing he opted the methods of coaxing, gift giving, persecution, etc. The aggressive evangelization programme opened by Francis Xavier some four hundred and sixty years ago created a strong base to Roman Catholic Church in India and now it functions with population of 1,55,49,218 19. Any way, there up on the Christian population increased day by day and now politically and economically a decisive force in Keralam.

As has been said earlier, before the arrival of Fringies/ Portuguese the Christians of Kerala forms the part of the Hindu social formation, categorized, and included them in the Sudra jatis. In order to transform them as non-Hindu Christians, the Portuguese/Fringe and the Roman Church hierarchy summoned the famous Udaymperoor Synod (Synod of Damper) under auspices of bishop Dom Menezes in 1599. This synod issued religious instructions along with certain directions intended to cut Hindu character and practices of the native Christians. Some of the synod decisions, which aimed to destroy native Christian identity, are the following:

1. Christians were ordered to give up their early practice of using Hindu names,
2. Priests were asked to use gowns and cassock of the Roman church,
3. Prohibited the practice of ‘tying of thali’ around neck of bride on the occasion of marriage,
4. Traditional native Christian practice of taking bath before entering the church and non use of beef were declared unnecessary and un-Christian practice,
5. Taking part in the Hindu festivals such as Onam, Vishu, Ulsavams of temples, etc were declared as un-Christian,
6. The practice of consulting with astrologers declared as a crime, and
7. Instructed to conduct of marriage inside the church instead of the native manner in which marriages were solemnized at the residence of bride or groom. 20

Later in the British period also this process was undertaken by their missionary bands in the form of education, deliverance of down trodden and “……to proclaim liberty to the captives of sin, …….”21. Europeans in general and the British in particular had too much interest in the extension of Christianity from one end to the other. With this end British Resident and Diwan of Travancore (a princely state of Keralam during colonial period) Col. Munro (1812-14) extended several concessions including exemption of Christians and Christian converts from uliyam work in connection with temples and made Sundays holidays to Christians22. Owing to historical reasons lower caste women of Kerala particularly of Travancore prior to 19th century were not permitted to wear upper garments. The English missionary bands using their influence in the government obtained special concessions that those who convert to Christianity were exempted from the above primitive law23. Once an avarna convert to Christianity or Islam and accept a Christian or Mohammedan name, he is fully exempted from all sorts of social disabilities, which suffered earlier by him, as an avarna Hindu is the defacto experience of Keralam in the colonial period24. Then in the light of these Tughlak laws they incorporated a sizable number of dalits in their fold and later in the post independence period most of them returned back to the ancestral dharma to secure a birth in the scheduled caste list. In 1911 there was 5,26,911 Christians in Travancore. After two years this number was increased to 9,03,863 is the clear evidence to mass conversion. Most of the Christian converts of the day were avarna jatis like Pariah, Pulaya, Kurava, Mala-Araya, etc. Of the total nine lakh Christians of Travancore during 1911-12, 26.6% were from avarna jatis25. Anyhow, as a result of the colonial discourse, at present Christianity has carved out another 31,18,574 C.S.I Christians and 2,92,315 Salvation Army Christians from the Hindus of the four South Indian states26.

Another disastrous shock to Hinduism in Keralam was the arrival of Islam in the seventh century. This religion was early associated with Arab traders of Malabar Coast. The tolerance and magnanimity of the native princes helped them to establish eleven centres for religious propagation in the princely state of Calicut during the forties of the seventh century. Under the patronage of the native rajas, Islam gradually and peacefully penetrated amongst the coastal people. Then “the relationship of Muslims with other communities was cordial. ...... (Kings) encouraged their settlement in different parts of the state. The Mopla Muslims of Kerala had been a peace loving people”27.Thus Malabar region of Keralam became a Muslim dominant area. The kings of Calicut, popularly known as Zamorins, much helped the popularization of Islam in their region through the enactment and to make a law customary, by which one or more male members of each fishermen family had to embrace Islam28. Conversion and customary law altogether made Islam a dominant group in the Zamorin’s kingdom (Calicut). Every increase in the Muslim population really weakened the Hindu society. The king was not aware of this fact. At the same time it was not sincerely felt to the savarna Hindus, because it was happened at the expense of lower jatis in the Varna sreni (caste order) of the Hindu social fabric. King and the aristocracy not worked out the arithmetic of the fall of social equilibrium, because the backbone of the Zamorin’s navy was this Muslims 29.

Up to the18th century the social pendulum moved smoothly. The rise of Hyder Ali and Tipu in the political scenario of Mysore began to affect the age-old social harmony of Malabar. Arackal Ali Raja of Kannur, the only Muslim principality of Kerala, invited Hyder Ali to invade his Hindu counterpart, Zamorin of Calicut and this event disrupted the age-old social harmony and opened an era of religious vendetta. Muslim/Mysore expeditions of Malabar were welcomed by local Muslims and extended their wholehearted support to it, which was a turning point in the social history of Malabar. Thereafter the age old communal harmony never returned to normalcy. The Muslim hooligans continued their religious fundamentalism so far the suppression of Mopla Revolt of 192130. The Mopla soldiers of Ali Raja became sincere interest keepers of Mysore. As a gratitude Ali Raja of Kannur was appointed as the High Admiral of the Mysoorian naval force. The Mopla fundamentalists who were associated with Mysoorian invasion looted and destroyed several temples, slaughtered innocent Hindus and their sword spared not even Hindu women and children31. The Mohammedan Moplas hated the rule of Hindu Rajas; therefore they extended wholehearted support to Mysorian Muslim rulers. It is an indication of the ever-growing communal insanity amongst Malabar Moplas32. In the year1766, on March 15th Hyder Ali invaded Pazhassy Rajas territory, then the Mopla soldiers of the Raja en masse deserted the camp and joined with Mohammedan army of Mysore and fought against the Raja - is another example of the ever-growing communal orgy of Malabar Muslims33.

Between 1871 and 1881 the Mopla/Muslim population of Malabar region increased disproportionately to the general increase. According to the 1871 census the population of Cherumar (an avarna Hindu jati) was 99,000 and their population in 1881 reduced to 64,725 instead of 5.71% general growth. In 1881 a Cheruma population of at least 40,000 was drained out from the Hindu body politic. In short an additional 50,000 Muslims were added to the Muslim population of Malabar in addition to 5.71% general population growth34. These Moplas of Malabar are in no way an exception to general Mohammedan character of intolerance to other faiths and over enthusiastic in converting others into their faith at any cost35. Between 1821 and 1921(Mopla Revolt), for a century, the Malabar region of Kerala witnessed fifty-one Mopla revolts of minor as well as major character, which had taken place at various centres of Malabar. The central issue of almost all was religion, that is Mohammedan inability to stomach and digest a faith (particularly Hindu) other than theirs. In the opinion of Rolland.E.Miller, fanatic character of all these riots are testified to by their suitable general features like “the decision to become a shahid, the resort to a shrine for blessing, attack on a Hindu landowner and family, attack on a Hindu temple”36.The Muslims/Mohammedans of Keralam had been a peace loving people prior to the invasions of Hyder Ali and Tipu. They respected local laws and customs. Before the Mysoorian invasion the spread of Islam was in a slow manner and it was at a reasonable rate also. “The spread of Islam ...... gradual and long-drawn-out process. The growth of Islam in Kerala during the first eight centuries was peaceful and steady”37. Really Islam’s aggressive phase of conversion began only after Mysoorian invasion. Even though the Christian missionaries were pioneers in the field of proselytizing, the aggressive Islamization of Malabar also horrified them. In the report of the Second Decennial Missionary Conference held at Calcutta during 1882 explains the situation of Malabar that, “as to render it possible that in a few years the whole of the lower race of the West Coast may become Mohammaden”38.

Another notable factor that the two hundred years of proselytizing enterprise of Muslims ultimately de-Hinduised a district of Keralam (Malappuram district) completely. This district of Malappuram once was the labour room of Kerala culture and civilization. The birthplace of sixteenth century poet and the father of modern Malayalam, Tunchathu Ezuthachan is in this district. He was known for his bhakti cult and his poetical expressions filled with devotion. Another bhakti poet of the sixteenth century Poonthanam was also hailing from this district. Most important cultural centres as well as historical places are also coming under the boundary of this district. In several instances these places of historical as well as cultural importance faced threat from the part of the fundamentalists. Talibanism of Malappuram is now a serious threat to the nation and Hindu values. Not only Malappuram, but also most of the Malabar districts are still facing fundamentalist threats. All these are the after effects of Muslim onslaughts of the eighteenth century.

In addition to the use of sword to enhance the Muslim population in Kerala, they used legend to influence ever-tolerant Hindu mind. Of such one is the Cheraman legend and the other is the story of the friendship of Vavar and Dharma Sastavu. The first legend says that the last Chera king popularly known as Cheraman Perumal embraced Islam and partitioned his state amongst his friends and relatives and after that he left Kerala for pilgrimage to Mecca in the year 345 C.E and where there he met the Prophet in person. A sixteenth century Arabian traveler Shaik Zainuddin, the author the travelogue Tuhafat-ul Mujahidin is the first to tell us this legend. No doubt the “Cheraman legend was only the figment of the imagination of some early writers. ………. The Cheraman legend is thus beyond doubt an anachronism”. A seventeenth century fictitious work Keralolpathi is making an attempt to historicize this story39. In the year 632 prophet died and the last Chera ruler, the hero of this legend, reigned over Keralam some three centuries back, who was never a contemporary of the prophet. So it is quiet absurd to make them as contemporaries. Herman Gundert has rightly observed, “surely there has never been a Cheraman Perumal. ……. Cheraman is the name of the dynasty of Chera or Kerala rulers, for the two names are the same”. Another legend in association with his conversion to Christianity is also very popular amongst the Christians. According to the Christian version of this legend, Cheraman Perumal converted to Christianity and went for a pilgrimage to Mylapore where he died after a few years and buried his mortal remains by the side of the tomb of Saint Thomas, the Apostle40. Anyhow, all these stories are the deliberate creations of the vested proselytizing interest played in later centuries of the last millennium.

Let us examine the legend of the friendship between Vavar (a Muslim chieftain) and Dharma Sasta of Sabari hills. It is the general belief that Dharma Sasta is the Kali Yuga incarnation of Siva and Vishnu (son of Vishnu in the costume of Mohini and Siva/Hariharaputra). This story is unbelievable on various grounds. At least a thousand years before the birth of the Prophet the worship of Sasta had started here. According to a set of Marxian historiographers the Sasta temple at Sabari hills was a Buddhist temple. Buddhism reached here during the reign of Ashoka in the third century B.C.E itself. The religion of Buddha began to decline since the eighth century onwards. Thereupon the famous deity of Sasta or Aiyappa was Hinduised41. Beyond doubt, the researcher can say the Sasta worship started very long before the birth of the Prophet. According to them Brahmins migration to Kerala started from the fourth century onwards. It is the general belief that the temple worship is associated with Brahmins. If so this temple came into being very long before the birth of the Prophet. Other sect of Marxian historiographers believes that the Sasta temple at Sabari hills was a night shelter in the trade route between Madurai and Central Keralam. Kerala was connected to Tamil ruling lineages from the early decades of the Common Era42. Any way this trade route has had existed since the beginning of this Tamil connection of Kerala. Therefore the legendary hero Vavar was in no way a Muslim/Islam, because Sabari hills became the seat of Lord Aiyappa/Sastavu years long before the birth of the Prophet. Most of all amongst the Muslims of Kerala there is no such name Vavar in use and it proves the futility of Islamic relationship with Sabari Hills. Above all the Bramandha Purana, which mentions about Lord Aiyappa and Vaparan. This Vparan of Bramandha Purana was later wrongly spelt as Vavar. No doubt this legend is the purposeful creation of proselytizing interest and a later addition in the history of Muslims of Keralam.

Now the Muslim population of Keralam in general and particularly of Malappuram district is increasing unevenly to the general population growth. All these happened because of the long drawn-out strategies of the fundamentalist elements, which they are very active since the days of Mysorian invasion. With in two hundred years of time the Muslim population got a share of 25% in the total population of Keralam. This happened because of the aggressive conversion projects and strategies of the various Islamic agencies.

The annual growth rate of the state population is 9.42%; on the other hand the Muslim dominated Malappuram district’s rate of growth is 17.22%. It is because of the deliberate efforts from various fundamentalist outfits, to enhance their vote bank power, which is discouraging the members of the community from making planned families. Anyhow, Christianity and Islam started here as a part of Hindu upasana system which later changed its character owning to the external influence since the sixteenth century onwards. Both of the Semitic religion prospering here is now under the influence of its counterpart functioning outside India with anti Indian sentiments. They are counting Hindu tolerance as a weakness of the Hindus. Some self styled progressive political parties ‘singing hosanna’ for these anti Indian sentiments for the fulfillment of their immediate ends invite great disasters in the near future.

india-analyst
3rd August 2007, 06:46 AM
You must see this link to understand if this is right or wrong

If you are really an Indian and you care for your people your blood will boil.
See the images


http://www.hindujagruti.org/activities/campaigns/national/mfhussain-campaign/


After you participate in the signature campaign you can see many more images of his paintings and you will understand the reality


http://www.hindujagruti.org/activities/campaigns/national/mfhussain-campaign/#note/

M F Hussain selected for Raja Ravi Varma Award

Thiruvananthapuram, May 12: M F Hussain has been selected for Kerala government's prestigious Raja Ravi Varma Award. Announcing this year's award, education and culture minister M A Baby said the award comprising Rs.1.25 lakh in cash prize, a citiation and a plaque would be presented to Hussain on his birthday on September 17.

Baby informed Hussain over telephone about Kerala government's award from the venue of the press conference. Hussain expressed happiness over getting the award instituted in the name of the great artist Raja Ravi Varma, Baby told reporters.

The jury was chaired by well-known artist Vivan Sundram. The other members were Ajayakumar, C N Karunakaran and Razia Soni.

Sweetly09
16th December 2009, 11:53 AM
it kinds makes sense, because its all to do with whether the attention is welcome or not. If its from someone you think is ugly, then you dont want that kinf of attention from them, do you? If theyre drop dead gorgeous, then youd love it